Logistics equipment is the material basis of the logistics system, along with the development and progress of logistics, logistics equipment has been improved and developed. Many new equipment in the field of logistics equipment, such as four-way tray, elevated forklift, automatic sorting machine, automatic guided van (AGV), containers, etc., greatly reduced people's labor intensity, improve the efficiency of logistics operations And the quality of service, reducing the cost of logistics, logistics operations play an important role in the great promotion of the rapid development of logistics. In turn, the rapid development of the logistics industry on the logistics equipment also put forward higher requirements.
First, the development of China's logistics equipment and the existing problems
1, the definition of logistics equipment and type
Logistics equipment is the completion of logistics activities of the tools and means, is the organization of logistics and material technology base. Leaving a certain material and technical conditions, any logistics activities will be unable to carry forward the transport, storage custody, handling, circulation processing, packaging, information processing and so on need the corresponding logistics equipment. The so-called logistics equipment is necessary for the logistics activities necessary for complete sets of buildings and artifacts, the organization of physical circulation involved in a variety of machinery and equipment, transport, storage facilities, station, electronic computers, communications equipment. The function and type of logistics equipment is based on the activities of the logistics gradually formed, according to different standards can be classified as follows:
① According to the equipment-specific functions can be divided into transport equipment, storage and storage equipment, handling equipment, distribution processing equipment, packaging equipment, information processing equipment.
② According to the equipment in the logistics activities in a considerable position, can be divided into fixed equipment and activities equipment. Fixed equipment such as railways, highways; bridges and tunnels, stations, ports, warehouses and other buildings I activities such as trains, cars, ships, mobile loading and unloading equipment.
③ According to the equipment in the logistics activities in the scope of services, can be divided into enterprise (production) logistics equipment and social (supply and marketing) logistics equipment. Enterprise logistics equipment is the enterprise part of the fixed assets, belonging to the enterprise's own equipment, such as the enterprise transport vehicles, railway special lines, loading and unloading handling machinery, packaging machinery, warehousing construction: social logistics equipment is for social logistics services, Public facilities, such as transport routes, bridges and tunnels, stations, ports and so on.
2, China's logistics equipment development status quo
Since the late 1970s, China's logistics equipment has been rapid development, the rapid growth of the number of logistics and transportation equipment, technical performance is becoming increasingly modern, container transport has been rapid development. With the application of computer network technology in logistics activities, advanced logistics equipment system is emerging, China has the ability to develop large-scale loading and unloading equipment and automated logistics system. In general, the development of China's logistics equipment is reflected in the following aspects.
① the overall number of logistics equipment increased rapidly. In recent years, China's logistics industry has developed rapidly and has received great attention from all levels of government. In this context, the overall number of logistics equipment has increased rapidly, such as transportation equipment, storage equipment, distribution equipment, packaging equipment, handling equipment Such as forklifts, cranes, etc.), logistics information equipment.
② the automation level of logistics equipment and the degree of information has been improved. In the past, our logistics equipment is basically a manual or semi-mechanized, the work efficiency is low. However, in recent years, the logistics equipment in its level of automation and information on the degree of "set the improvement, the efficiency has been greatly improved.
③ the basic formation of the logistics equipment production, sales and consumption system. Previously, there is often a demand for logistics equipment, but it is difficult to find the corresponding production enterprises, or logistics equipment production is due to imperfect sales system, lack of demand, resulting in the production of logistics equipment can not be completed and so on. At present, the logistics equipment production, sales, consumption system has been basically formed, the domestic has a number of professional logistics equipment manufacturers, logistics equipment sales of professional companies and a number of logistics equipment consumer groups, making the logistics equipment in the production and sales , The consumption of the system gradually improved and developed.
④ logistics equipment in all aspects of logistics have been a certain application. At present, both in the production of production enterprises, warehousing, circulation of the transport, distribution, logistics center of the packaging processing, handling handling, logistics equipment have been a certain application.
⑤ specialization of new logistics equipment and new technology logistics equipment continue to emerge. With the logistics of the various segments of the continuous refinement, with the needs of customers to meet the needs of the logistics services to increase demand, new logistics equipment and new technology logistics equipment continue to emerge. These devices are specifically for a logistics part of the logistics operations, a special commodity, a special customer to provide the equipment, its high degree of specialization.
3, China's logistics equipment development of the main problems
In recent years, the rapid development of logistics so that advanced logistics equipment has been applied, but on the whole point of view the development of China's logistics equipment can not meet the requirements of the new logistics tasks in the new century, specifically the following aspects:
① logistics infrastructure construction diversified investment too little. China's logistics infrastructure for a long time less investment, the development of relatively slow. Although in recent years also built some of the more advanced warehousing and logistics facilities, but overall, low-end applications more, the 20th century, 50-60 years of construction of the warehouse is still in use, automated warehouse and other high-end storage shelves But also rare, the use of computer information management of the modern warehouse less.
② China is still in the initial stage of the development of logistics equipment, both the lack of industry standards, and no industry organizations, resulting in a variety of logistics equipment standards are not unified, poor convergence of each other.
③ a large number of logistics equipment suppliers, but generally small scale, the development is not standardized.
④ logistics companies only focus on the quality of a single device and selection, there is no overall consideration of how the entire system to achieve optimization.
⑤ most of the logistics enterprises will continue to use the price as the primary factor in the choice of logistics equipment, while ignoring the internal quality and safety indicators of the inspection.
⑥ part of the logistics enterprises on the role of the lack of adequate understanding of the equipment in the system planning, design with blindness, resulting in the use of inconvenience or waste of resources.
⑦ logistics equipment management has not been widely incorporated into the content of logistics management, logistics equipment utilization is not high, equipment idle time is longer.
Second, the development trend of China's logistics equipment
With the development of modern logistics, logistics equipment as its material basis to show the following aspects of the development trend.
1, large-scale and high-speed
Large-scale refers to the equipment capacity, size, ability is growing. Large-scale is the basic means to achieve the scale effect of logistics. One is to make up for their own speed is difficult to improve the defects and gradually large-scale, including shipping, rail transport, road transport. The maximum load capacity of the tanker reached 563,000 tons, the container ship was 6790TEU, and the load of 716,000 tons of ore was carried out in the rail freight. The truck carrying more than 5 tons was also developed: the large scale of the pipeline was in large diameter Pipeline construction, the largest diameter of 1220 mm. The large-scale transport of these basic to meet the basic logistics needs of large, continuous, stable characteristics. Second, the large size of air cargo aircraft. The cargo aircraft being developed can contain up to 300 tons and can load 30 40-foot (12.2-meter) standard containers at a time 50% to 100% higher than the current cargo capacity (including load and load capacity).
High speed refers to the operation speed of the equipment, running speed, recognition speed, operation speed greatly accelerated. Improve the speed of transport has always been a variety of modes of transport direction, mainly reflected in the "constant speed" limit breakthrough. There are three types of high-speed railroads being developed: one is the traditional high-speed railway, the most commercial value of Japanese and French technology, the current high-speed trains operating the largest commercial speed has reached 270 ~ 275km / h two is the pendulum train to Sweden As the representative, commercial speed has reached 200 ~ 250km / h, the third is the maglev railway, is currently in the commercial experimental stage, in 1998 in Japan to achieve the speed of 539km / h experimental speed. Germany, France in the high-speed railway on the high-speed freight trains have reached the maximum speed of 200km / h. With the gradual maturity of the technology and economic development, the general railway will eventually be replaced by high-speed railway. In the high-speed road transport is generally refers to the highway, the current countries are trying to build a highway network, as the backbone of road transport. Air transport, high speed refers to the supersonic, passenger supersonic has been achieved by the French Concorde aircraft. Two-speed (subsonic and supersonic) civil aircraft are being developed. In any case, supersonic will be the development direction of civil cargo aircraft. In the water, the hydrofoil speed has reached 70km / h, hovercraft speed is the highest, while the flying wing ship speed can reach 170km / h. In the pipeline transport, high-speed reflected in the high pressure, the United States Alaska crude oil pipeline maximum working pressure of 8.2MPa.
2, practical and lightweight
Because warehousing and logistics equipment is used in general occasions, the work is not very heavy, so easy to use, easy to maintain, operate, with durability, trouble-free and good economy, and high security, reliability and Environmental protection. This kind of equipment is large in size and wide in use. Considering the comprehensive benefit, it can reduce the appearance height, simplify the structure, reduce the cost, and reduce the running cost of the equipment.
3, specialization and generalization
With the diversity of logistics; logistics equipment varieties more and more constantly updated. Logistics activities of the system, consistency, economy, mobility, speed, requiring some equipment to the direction of specialization, there are some equipment to the generalization, standardization direction.
Logistics equipment specialization is to improve the logistics efficiency of the foundation, mainly reflected in two aspects, one specialized logistics equipment, the second is the logistics of specialization. Logistics equipment specialization is based on logistics tools as the main body of the logistics specialization, such as from the passenger and cargo mixed
Contained in the passenger and cargo classifieds, the emergence of specialized cargo transport aircraft, ships, cars and special vehicles and other equipment and facilities. Transport mode of specialization is typical of shipping, almost in the world to give up the passenger, mainly engaged in freight, pipeline transportation is the delivery of special goods and the development of a special mode of transport.
Generalization is mainly represented by the development of container transport. Foreign developed roads, railway dual-use vehicles and locomotives, can be directly achieved highway rhenium
Road transport mode conversion, road transport with large container trailers can carry sea, air, rail transport of all sizes of containers, as well as passenger and cargo aircraft, water and dual-use aircraft and passenger transport is being studied. Generalized means of transport for the logistics system to provide high efficiency of the supply chain to provide a basic guarantee. Generalized equipment can also achieve rapid conversion of logistics operations, can greatly improve the efficiency of logistics operations.
4, automation and intelligence
The combination of mechanical technology and electronic technology will be advanced microelectronics technology, power electronics technology, cable technology, hydraulic technology, fuzzy control technology concealed function to the mechanical drive and control system to achieve automation and intelligent logistics equipment will be the future The direction of development. For example, a new generation of large-scale high-performance electrical control device will be developed into a fully automated digital control system, the crane can be more flexible to improve the level of integrated automation, automated warehouse delivery trolley, intelligent van AHV , The development and application of intelligent transportation system (ITS) has attracted wide attention from all countries. In addition, satellite communications technology and computer, network and many other high-tech combination of logistics vehicle management technology is gradually being applied.
5, complete and systematic
Only when the composition of the logistics system equipment sets, matching, the logistics system is the most effective and most economical. In the logistics equipment on the basis of automation, through the computer to a variety of logistics equipment to form an integrated system, through the central control room control, coordination with the logistics system to form a different model of the best match and combination, will learn from each other Best utility. To this end, the complete and systematic logistics equipment has broad prospects for development, the future will focus on the development of the factory production and handling automation systems, distribution of goods distribution system, container handling system, automatic sorting and handling systems.
6, "green".
"Green" is to meet the environmental requirements, which involves two aspects: First, with the development of traction power and manufacturing, auxiliary materials, and so on, the second is related to the use. For the development of traction, we must improve the traction power, the second to effectively use energy, reduce pollution emissions, the use of clean energy and new power. For the use of factors, including the maintenance of the logistics, reasonable scheduling, proper use and so on.
Third, to promote the development of China's logistics equipment response measures
Drawing on the advanced experience of foreign logistics equipment development, combined with the actual situation of China's logistics development and the main problems, we can take the following measures to speed up the development of China's logistics equipment.
1, to speed up the standardization of logistics equipment development work. Standardization of logistics equipment plays an important role in improving the efficiency of logistics operation. The unified standard is conducive to the mutual matching between the various equipment, which is beneficial to the business cooperation between the logistics enterprises, thus shortening the logistics operation time and improving the production efficiency , To improve the quality of logistics services, and to reduce the proportion of logistics costs in the total cost of production.
2, to increase investment in logistics equipment, pay attention to diversified investment. The logistics equipment of the practical application of the investigation and study, focusing on the development of high technological content of the logistics equipment, consciously out of the old backward efficiency, low safety performance of logistics equipment, the allocation of advanced logistics machinery facilities, such as transport systems in the new locomotives, vehicles , Large-scale vehicles, special special vehicles, storage system in the automated warehouse, high-level shelves, handling systems in the crane, forklift, container handling equipment, automatic sorting and monitoring equipment.
3, regulate the logistics equipment supplier business behavior, encourage its expansion of business scale, improve the technical level and design capabilities, so as to provide better logistics logistics equipment.
4, to guide the logistics enterprises in the choice of logistics equipment, not only pay attention to the price of equipment, but also pay attention to the quality of equipment, safety and the role of the entire system, combined with their actual needs to choose the right logistics equipment, the entire system efficiency.
5, to improve the logistics enterprises and all levels of government logistics equipment in the development of logistics awareness, so that they are in the logistics equipment system planning. Design can take into account, to avoid the use of inconvenience and waste of resources.
6, whether it is logistics enterprises or all levels of government logistics management should be included in the logistics management content. Logistics equipment is part of the logistics cost, should pay attention to the management and research of logistics equipment, improve the efficiency of the use of logistics equipment, to minimize the idle time of logistics equipment. At the same time should pay attention to the safety of logistics equipment, testing and maintenance, slow down the equipment wear and tear, to extend its service life, to prevent damage to equipment, to ensure its normal operation